Which example best illustrates probable cause for search?

Which example best illustrates probable cause for search?

• A. A random hunch
• B. A formal arrest warrant
• C. Smelling marijuana to justify searching the backpack
• D. A tip without corroboration

Answer: (C)

Probable cause relies on facts and circumstances that would lead a reasonable person to believe that a crime has been or is being committed and that evidence of that crime is likely to be found in the place to be searched. The aroma of marijuana is a real, detectable cue that an officer can personally observe, and it directly links to contraband or illegal activity, providing a plausible basis to search the backpack for evidence. A random hunch lacks factual support; a formal arrest warrant is a separate instrument used after probable cause is established; and a tip without corroboration does not provide enough reliability to justify a search on its own. Therefore, smelling marijuana to justify searching the backpack is the best illustration of probable cause.